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Balochi Literature بلوچی ادب => بلوچی زبان و ثقافت Language, Culture, Tradition => Topic started by: Zahida Raees Raji on August 02, 2008, 08:56:03 AM
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Wajah Saeed Ameeri Wrote:
Balochi zobaan e saraa cizzey mawaad ke man a dast kaptag kam kam a aahaan sheng kanaan.
Ey wahdi Gilbertson e ketaab The Balochi Language:
a Grammar and manual ca Hertford a 1923 a caap bittagen e lahtey bahraani photocopy mani deymaa ent.
Chapter III
THE NOUN
15. In the formation of the cases there is much that is still doubtful and unsettled. In so vast a country as Balochistan, so sparsely populated, and among tribes uneducated, this is not strange. Differences and discrepancies are, however, rapidly disappearing; so much so that formations heard in the north only, a few years ago, are today understood and in general use in the south also.
Intercourse beteween the tribes is increasing, and will continue to increase in the future. As a result there is a perceptible if slow levelling up of forms which will ultimately lead to a uniform and common speech.
(2)
16. There is only one declension in Balochi, and all nouns may be said to be declined alike. The few exceptions are for the most part euphonic. There are eight cases, the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, agentive, ablative, and vocative. The agentive case is here placed next to the ablative, that being its logical position in declension in those languages that have this case.
It is distinct from the nominative, but does, in a way, connote the ablative. The ablative generaly denotes the instrument with which, and the agentive always the agent by whom an act has taken place.
17. The formation of the various cases will be more easily followed and understood from an example than from any lengthy discussion, however lucid the latter may be. The case endings, the suffixes, have been placed in order of their prevalence, or what has been concidered such. For, after all, this will be a matter of opinion, and also a matter of locality.
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(3) P. 19
Mard, man, a man
Base, mard
Singular
Case. 1st /2nd/3rd/4th/ 5th/6th/7th Eng meaning
form/form... ......... form..... .......
Nom. ............ ......... ......... ......... .. man, a man.
Gen. -a /-e/-egh/-egha/ -igh/ -ena/-i of a man
Dat. -ra/--aar/-ar/ -aara/ to a man
Acc. ..../-a'/-ar/ -aara/-ra man, the man
Loc. -a/ on a man, etc.
Ag. -aa/ by a man
Abl. -a/ with a man,etc.
Voc. O man !
Plural
Nom. -aan/ men.
Gen. -aani/-egh of men
Dat. -aanra/-aanar/ -aar to men
Acc. -aan/-aanra/ -aar men, the men
Loc. --aan/ on men, etc.
Ag. -aan/ by men
Abl. -aan/ with men, etc.
Voc. -aan/ O men !
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18. The nominative singular, as will have been seen, is the simple form of the noun; it has no case endings, no suffixes. The nominative plural is formed by adding the syllable aan to the singular, just as is done in Persian. This is the rule, but it is one very often neglected, the singular form being frequently used when more than one is meant to be understood. The Baloch will tell you that when a noun is preceded by one of the numerals, or by chikhtar, how many, chikar, how much, how many, or by any word denoting number, the plural ending aan is not required, that the plural is already indicated: e. g., chikhtar zaal ant, how many women
are there ? instead of chikhtar zaal-aan ant. In this Balochi closely follows the analogy of Urdu, Hindi, and other Indian languages. The Baloch seems to think that one word in a sentence should suffice to indicate number, be it noun, adjective, or verb.
Obs. The plural termination aan has been satisfactorily proved to be the remote demonstrative pronoun aan, that.
19. The genitive singular is very often left uninflected, in other words used without any suffix, as shown in the examples given below. Its case endings are, however, when used a, e, egh, egha, igh, and i. The case ending of the genitive plural is nearly always aani, that is the plural suffix aan with i added. The nasal sound of n naturally ceases when the vowel i is added. 6, Obs. 3. The sign of the genitive plural is seldom omitted.
Obs. 1. In Sindhi, also, the case-sign of the genitive is frequently dropped, both in prose and poetry.
Obs. 2. In the case of nouns in apposision, proper nouns especially, the genitival affix is not required.
20. In the case of the dative singular the suffix in most general use is, perhaps, ra. Other suffixes are aar, aara. The dative case should always have one of these suffixes. The signs of the dative plural are aanra, aanar, and ar. They are frequently attached to the singular form of the noun when the plural is
intended. In othe rwords, the suffix aan is omitted.
Obs. 1. The particle raa is one of the signs of the dative case in Persian and the only sign of the accusative case.
Obs. 2. a further key to the origin of the Balochi signs of the dative and accusative cases is found in the present-day tendency in Persian to use short a, short i, and even short u, to denote these cases: mard-a, mard-i, mard-u for mard-raa. The presence of short a is particularly noticeable. The costruction, however, is considered a vulgarism.
(to be continued)
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(4) P. 20-21 21. The accusative singular is often the same as the simple form of the nominative, the short a being discarded. In the plural also this often happens. The form ra is sometimes heard pronounced raa. On the whole, the dative and accusative cases are much alike; but, whereas the accusative case can, and often does, dispense with case endings, the dative cannot. In the case of verbs denoting "to give". "to bestow", etc., there are two objects, a direct and an indirect, the object given and the person to whom given. The direct object may be, and generally is, the accusative in its simple or nominative form; theindirect object always is the dative with one of its case endings: e. g., ma wath-i logh tha-ra shon-daaraan, I will show you my house (I me-of the house thee-to will show). Hence logh, house, is in the accusative, the simple or nominative form, and tha-ra, to thee, in the dative. 22. The suffix of the locative case singular is short a, one of the endings of the genitive singular. It is in wide use, and is often difficult to distinguish from the ablative singular. In the plural the locative has no suffix. The various prefixes or prepositions governing this case will be found fully discussed later in this work. 187. 23. The sign of the agentive case singular is long aa, and it must always have this sign: it can never be left to be understood. The agentive case pluralis the same as the nominative plural. 24. The ablative both of the singular and plural is the same as the locative: it is often very difficult tosay with certainty which case is intended. Examples of the noun:-- Guda ma-i pith na rav-i, then my father will not go(then me-of the father not will go). Pith, father, is in the nominative case singular, and is the subject of rav-i, will go. Haal ham-esh en ki maa gwashtha, the matter is as I have said (the matter even this is as me by it has been said). Haal, circumstances, news, is in the nominative, and is the subject of en, is. Aalim bach chi gush-i, What will aalim's son say (Aalim-of the-son what will say) ? Aalim is in the genitive case singular governed by bach, son. Divo ohi ziyaada burz en, the flame of the lamp is too high (the-lamp-of the-flame too high is). Divo, lamp, is in the genitive governed by ohi, flame. Aaf-e aaf en, it is pure water (it is nothing but water, water-of water it is). The same costruction obtains in Persian, Urdu, etc. Aan mar khas-e-ar jawaab na daa sidhaaigha, thatman will not give a straightforward reply to anyone(that man anyone-to reply not will give straightforwardly) . The form khas-e-ar is made up of khas, any, anyone, the e of unity (8, 90), and ar, one of the signs of the dative case. It is the indirect object after daa, will give. The direct object or accusative is jawaab, reply. Maa aan-hiaara jawaab daatho thi ambraah er-khutha, I dismissed him, and appointed another servant (me by-him-to reply having-given another servant was placed). The form aan-hiaara, to him (78), is the dative or indirect object after daatho, having given, the accusative case or direct objectis jawaab, reply.
(5) P. 22-23
Ikhtar gantri ma khan, do not be so anxious (so much anxiety not make). The direct object, the accusative, is gantri, thought, governed by khan, make.
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Souj:
Mani xayaal a ey gaal va aahi e tawaar Gilbertson e goushaan sharr nakaptag. Gantri baayed ent Sindhi e gaal ganr'ti nebissag bebit ke Balochi e roudaraatki gaalwaar a badal zortag. Eshi e awali tawaar ganr' Sindhi e gaal wanr' (drack/tree) e paymaa ent. Mittha Khan Marri va Surat Khan Marri a wati Balochi-Urdu Logaht e tahaa ey gaal gar'ti va
ganr'ti nebeshtag va aahi e Urdu ma'naa fekr, udaasi daatag. Balochi a deltaparkai yaa delwaaragi gwashant.Edaa dega gappey zaanag bit ke Balochi e tahaa daraamaden tawaar ham hour bittag ant hancosh ke Sindhi e ey tawaar ke ca Sindhi e 52 aabaani tahaa noon e tahaa kasaanoken tway ey per kanant wa aahi a r'en gwashant. Balochi e tahaa Urdu e paymaa ray e saraa kasaanoken tway ey per kanant aahi a r'ay gawashant hancou ke ar' entangle, jar' untamed young camel. Balay ey tawaar a do tawaar hawaar ant bezaan r'ay va en, r'en.
Ameeri
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Ni mani nirwaar-a khai khat, ? (khant) who will do me justice now (now me-of justice who will make) ? In
this example nirwaar, justice the accusative case after khat (khant), will make, has its suffix a.
Guda duz thartho aakhta wath-i logh-a, the thief then returned home (then the-thief having-returned came himself-of the-house-to) . The locative logh-a can be translated, to, towards, or in the direction of his house. Wath-i, own, himself of. 92.
Maa wath-i dil-a gantri khutha ki man-a rawaghi bi,
I thought to myself that I should have to go (me by my-self-of the-heart in reflection was made that me-to to go will be). The locative is dil-a, in my heart.
Man-a, to me, me-to. 58.
Mard-e-aa wath-i nariyaan go maa shwaakta, a certain man sold me his horse (a-certain-man- by himself-of the-horse to me was sold). In mard-e-a
we have first the e of unity and secondly a the sign
of the agentive case. Go maa, to me. 58.
Maajitret-aa kaazi-a diroghvand sebit khutha, the magistrate proved the native judge to be lying (the-magistrate- by the-native-judge lying proved was made). Majitret-aa, by the magistrate (6). It is only in
such constructions as those shown in the last two sentences that the agentive case can be used. 155.
Zar azh kisagh laghushta digaar chakha, the money slipped from his pocket on to the ground. The noun khisagh, a pocket, is in the ablative, although not followed by the suffix a. This we know from the presence of azh, which can govern the ablative only.
Ba-rau azh wath-i maath-a phol kan, go and ask your mother (go, from yourself-of the mother enquiry make). The short a, the sign of the ablative,
is here retained.
Ma-i murthagh-ena sistaan ham-esh, these are our customs with regard to the dead (us-of the-dead-of
the-custom even-this is). Murthagh-ena, of the dead, is that shown as the sixth form of the genitive. 17.
Har hasht-ena saani en, all eight are present (all the-eight-of present is). Hasht-ena is in genitive.
Wazir e rang-e siyaaral mard en, the minister is such a wise person (the minister this kind-of wise man is). Rang-e is in the genitive case, second form.
Hudhaa-i marzi en, it is the will of God ( God-of the-will it is). Hudaa-i, of God, is the seventh form of the genitive. 17.
Wazir-en baadshaah-e, it is the king's minister (the-minister it is the-king-of) .
Traama-ena juretha, made of copper (copper of-made).
Nindokh-aan dera ghaazi khan-egha, inhabitants of Dera Ghazi Khan (inhabitants Dera Ghazi Khan-of).
The particle egha is the fourth form of the genitive suffix of the singular noun. 17.
E likainagh-e haal en, is tthis a secret (this hiding-of
a-matter is) ?
Aan ravagh-e zar-aani aaragh-a, he is off to bring money (he is going money-of bring-to). The noun zar, money, gold, is here treated as a plural noun.
(to be continued)
--- On Sun, 3/8/08, noutak baloch <ameerism@yahoo. co.uk> wrote:
From: noutak baloch <ameerism@yahoo. co.uk>
Subject: Re: [balochi_culture] Balochi Language
To: balochi_culture@ yahoogroups. com
Date: Sunday, 3 August, 2008, 12:20 AM
(4) P. 20-21
21. The accusative singular is often the same as the simple form of the nominative, the short a being discarded. In the plural also this often happens. The form ra is sometimes heard pronounced raa. On the whole, the dative and accusative cases are much alike; but, whereas the accusative case can, and often does, dispense with case endings, the dative cannot. In the case of verbs denoting "to give". "to bestow", etc., there are two objects, a direct and an indirect, the object given and the person to whom given. The direct object may be, and generally is, the accusative in its simple or nominative form; the
indirect object always is the dative with one of its case endings: e. g., ma wath-i logh tha-ra shon-daaraan, I will show you my house (I me-of the house thee-to will show). Hence logh, house, is in the accusative, the simple or nominative form, and tha-ra, to thee, in the dative.
22. The suffix of the locative case singular is short a, one of the endings of the genitive singular. It is in wide use, and is often difficult to distinguish from the ablative singular. In the plural the locative has no suffix. The various prefixes or prepositions governing this case will be found fully discussed later in this work. 187.
23. The sign of the agentive case singular is long aa, and it must always have this sign: it can never be left to be understood. The agentive case plural
is the same as the nominative plural.
24. The ablative both of the singular and plural is the same as the locative: it is often very difficult to
say with certainty which case is intended.
Examples of the noun:--
Guda ma-i pith na rav-i, then my father will not go
(then me-of the father not will go). Pith, father, is in the nominative case singular, and is the subject of rav-i, will go.
Haal ham-esh en ki maa gwashtha, the matter is as I have said (the matter even this is as me by it has been said). Haal, circumstances, news, is in the nominative, and is the subject of en, is.
Aalim bach chi gush-i, What will aalim's son say (Aalim-of the-son what will say) ? Aalim is in the genitive case singular governed by bach, son.
Divo ohi ziyaada burz en, the flame of the lamp is too high (the-lamp-of the-flame too high is). Divo, lamp, is in the genitive governed by ohi, flame.
Aaf-e aaf en, it is pure water (it is nothing but water, water-of water it is). The same costruction obtains in Persian, Urdu, etc.
Aan mar khas-e-ar jawaab na daa sidhaaigha, that
man will not give a straightforward reply to anyone
(that man anyone-to reply not will give straightforwardly) . The form khas-e-ar is made up of
khas, any, anyone, the e of unity (8, 90), and ar, one of the signs of the dative case. It is the indirect object after daa, will give. The direct object or accusative is jawaab, reply.
Maa aan-hiaara jawaab daatho thi ambraah er-khutha, I dismissed him, and appointed another servant (me by-him-to reply having-given another servant was placed). The form aan-hiaara, to him (78), is the dative or indirect object after daatho, having given, the accusative case or direct object
is jawaab, reply.
(to be continued)
--- On Fri, 1/8/08, noutak baloch <ameerism@yahoo. co.uk> wrote:
From: noutak baloch <ameerism@yahoo. co.uk>
Subject: Re: [balochi_culture] Balochi Language
To: balochi_culture@ yahoogroups. com
Date: Friday, 1 August, 2008, 11:55 PM
(3) P. 19
Mard, man, a man
Base, mard
Singular
Case. 1st /2nd/3rd/4th/ 5th/6th/7th Eng meaning
form/form... ......... form..... .......
Nom. ............ ......... ......... ......... .. man, a man.
Gen. -a /-e/-egh/-egha/ -igh/ -ena/-i of a man
Dat. -ra/--aar/-ar/ -aara/ to a man
Acc. ..../-a'/-ar/ -aara/-ra man, the man
Loc. -a/
(5) P. 22-23
Ikhtar gantri ma khan, do not be so anxious (so much anxiety not make). The direct object, the accusative, is gantri, thought, governed by khan, make.
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Souj:
Mani xayaal a ey gaal va aahi e tawaar Gilbertson e goushaan sharr nakaptag. Gantri baayed ent Sindhi e gaal ganr'ti nebissag bebit ke Balochi e roudaraatki gaalwaar a badal zortag. Eshi e awali tawaar ganr' Sindhi e gaal wanr' (drack/tree) e paymaa ent. Mittha Khan Marri va Surat Khan Marri a wati Balochi-Urdu Logaht e tahaa ey gaal gar'ti va
ganr'ti nebeshtag va aahi e Urdu ma'naa fekr, udaasi daatag. Balochi a deltaparkai yaa delwaaragi gwashant.Edaa dega gappey zaanag bit ke Balochi e tahaa daraamaden tawaar ham hour bittag ant hancosh ke Sindhi e ey tawaar ke ca Sindhi e 52 aabaani tahaa noon e tahaa kasaanoken tway ey per kanant wa aahi a r'en gwashant. Balochi e tahaa Urdu e paymaa ray e saraa kasaanoken tway ey per kanant aahi a r'ay gawashant hancou ke ar' entangle, jar' untamed young camel. Balay ey tawaar a do tawaar hawaar ant bezaan r'ay va en, r'en.
Ameeri
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Ni mani nirwaar-a khai khat, ? (khant) who will do me justice now (now me-of justice who will make) ? In
this example nirwaar, justice the accusative case after khat (khant), will make, has its suffix a.
Guda duz thartho aakhta wath-i logh-a, the thief then returned home (then the-thief having-returned came himself-of the-house-to) . The locative logh-a can be translated, to, towards, or in the direction of his house. Wath-i, own, himself of. 92.
Maa wath-i dil-a gantri khutha ki man-a rawaghi bi,
I thought to myself that I should have to go (me by my-self-of the-heart in reflection was made that me-to to go will be). The locative is dil-a, in my heart.
Man-a, to me, me-to. 58.
Mard-e-aa wath-i nariyaan go maa shwaakta, a certain man sold me his horse (a-certain-man- by himself-of the-horse to me was sold). In mard-e-a
we have first the e of unity and secondly a the sign
of the agentive case. Go maa, to me. 58.
Maajitret-aa kaazi-a diroghvand sebit khutha, the magistrate proved the native judge to be lying (the-magistrate- by the-native-judge lying proved was made). Majitret-aa, by the magistrate (6). It is only in
such constructions as those shown in the last two sentences that the agentive case can be used. 155.
Zar azh kisagh laghushta digaar chakha, the money slipped from his pocket on to the ground. The noun khisagh, a pocket, is in the ablative, although not followed by the suffix a. This we know from the presence of azh, which can govern the ablative only.
Ba-rau azh wath-i maath-a phol kan, go and ask your mother (go, from yourself-of the mother enquiry make). The short a, the sign of the ablative,
is here retained.
Ma-i murthagh-ena sistaan ham-esh, these are our customs with regard to the dead (us-of the-dead-of
the-custom even-this is). Murthagh-ena, of the dead, is that shown as the sixth form of the genitive. 17.
Har hasht-ena saani en, all eight are present (all the-eight-of present is). Hasht-ena is in genitive.
Wazir e rang-e siyaaral mard en, the minister is such a wise person (the minister this kind-of wise man is). Rang-e is in the genitive case, second form.
Hudhaa-i marzi en, it is the will of God ( God-of the-will it is). Hudaa-i, of God, is the seventh form of the genitive. 17.
Wazir-en baadshaah-e, it is the king's minister (the-minister it is the-king-of) .
Traama-ena juretha, made of copper (copper of-made).
Nindokh-aan dera ghaazi khan-egha, inhabitants of Dera Ghazi Khan (inhabitants Dera Ghazi Khan-of).
The particle egha is the fourth form of the genitive suffix of the singular noun. 17.
E likainagh-e haal en, is tthis a secret (this hiding-of
a-matter is) ?
Aan ravagh-e zar-aani aaragh-a, he is off to bring money (he is going money-of bring-to). The noun zar, money, gold, is here treated as a plural noun.
(to be continued)
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Balochi Language
By Gilbertson1923
CHAPTER IV.
(6) P. 27-28 THE NOUN----CONTINUED. 25.
The noun thaala, a company, a raiding party,changes the final a to o before taking the case endings or suffixes: e. g.,thaala, a company; azh thaalo-a, from a company; thaalo-aa, by a company; thaalo-aan, companies; thaalo-aani, of companies.
26. Very few nouns in long aa under go any change. Velaa, time, in the locative and ablative singular becomes velaah-aa, at the time. Similarly,begaah, evening, becomes begaah-aa, in the evening. The shortening of the one vowel has led to the lengthening of the other.
27. The noun waazhaa, master, becomes waazhah-aan, in the nominative plural, on the analohy of velaa, time, and begaah, evening. Hudhaa, God, makes Hudhaa-i, and Hudhaa-egh in the genitive case singular. Exceptions of this class, however, are rare.
28. Nouns ending in long i, that is in yaa e ma'ruf, change this vowel into its corresponding short and then then add y before taking the case endings:
ma Balochi-y-a esh-hiyar chi gushagh-en, what do yoy call this in Balochi ? But the pronunciation of Balochiya differs little if at all from Balochia.
29. Nouns ending in o as a rule change that letter into av before taking the suffixes denoting the various cases: e. g., daddo, a pony; azh daddav-aa,
from a pony; daddav-aa, by a pony; daddav-aan, ponies; daddav-aani, of ponies. These do not form a numerous class. Among exceptions are: naakho,
an uncle; mokho, a spider; shaathlo, a dove; go, a race, prize for a race; jo, a watercource. These are regular, and follow the rules for nouns ending in a consanant.
30. Some nouns form their plurals by the direct addition of the syllable gal. The most commonly heard are: zah-gal, a flock of kids, from zah(g), a kid; lerav-gal, a herd of camels, from lerav, camel;
jan-gal, a band of women, from jan, a woman; Marri- gal, men of the Marri tribe; pha-gal, a flock of maarkhor, from phaashan, a maarkhor; thih-gal, others, from thi, other. This ending is in wide use, and is made applicable to human beings, animals and things. Its use corresponds to that of log, people, in Urdu and Hindi (cf. "folk" in English).
Obs. 1. The affix gal is probably a corruption of the Persian ghol, a company, a band. In Balochi the letter o in words introduced often becomes aa and a.
Obs. 2. This same plural is found in Brahui also, but not to so great an extent.
31. Another and rare form of the plural is the Pakkhto patronymic zai, usually pronounced zai: e. g., Ahmad-zai, the Ahmadzais; Tumar-zai, the Tumarzais.
32. A few nouns from their plurals by the addition of
agh to the singular: e. g., murdaan-agh, fingers, from murdaan, a finger; phaadh-agh, the feet, the legs, from phaadh, the foot. Of this class is galagh, a troop of horsemen.
33. One noun, at least, has a plural ending in kaar: e' g., zaal-kaar, women, from zaal, a woman. The regular plural ending in aan is also in use. The same ending aar is found in kataar, a string or number of camels.
Obs. Same few Turkish words from their plural in lar and laar.
34. Among collective nounsare: goram, a herd of cows; ramigh, a flock of goats; mehar, a flock of sheep; gwarphar, a flock of lambs; bag, a herd of camels; baaher, a herd of donkeys.
These may be followed by a verb in the singular.
35. The following nouns are often treated as plurals, and many, therefore, be followed by a verb in the plural: bor, soup, stew; aarth, flour; darmaan, medicine; jau, barley; haal, news; daan, corn; nohd, gram; renv, grass; dighaar, land; gozhd, flesh (meat). There are others.
Obs. In Pkkhto also we notice the same thing. Thus zahr, poison, has zahr in the nominative case plural, but zahr-o in the oblique cases, showing clearly that it is considered a plural noun.
(to be continued)
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asalam alekum chone shuma?
Ae kitab cha kuja dast kapith?
-
asalam alekum chone shuma?
Ae kitab cha kuja dast kapith?
[walaikum]
parcha keh ey mavaad Nakou Saeed Ameeri (Baluchi Zaantkaar) a paT o paas kotag o maraa daatagan' pameshka shoma aahiye email e saraa jost bekane.
ameerism@yahoo.co.uk
minnahwaar
Raji
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salaam,
maashaa Allah Balochi zubaan e saraa sak baaz seet-mandeN cheezii !
baareN domeN bahr kadii ket ?
man ee cheez note kutaa keh encho kaar k Baask e saraa betta Balochi zubaan o dood o rabeedag e saraa dege hich site a na betta ! ee cheeze vaasta shume juhd o vaahag sak baaz sataa kar zet !
shume sak baaz minna vaaraaN !
vati raaj e hair looTook
Zia Baloch